windbg-mcp

An MCP server that exposes WinDbg/DbgEng to AI agents (Claude Code, Claude Desktop, Cursor, …) — over stdio, or over HTTP with --listen, which serves the same tools to clients that are not on the machine DbgEng runs on. It drives a live debugger engine for user-mode, kernel-mode, crash-dump, and Time Travel Debugging (TTD) workflows — and reads a VBS guest's Secure Kernel (VTL1) out of a Hyper-V checkpoint or controls one selected VP in an exact disposable VBS VM through operator-supplied providers.

The low-level engine bindings live in dbgscope (src/dbgeng.rs); this crate adds process-per-session engine supervision and the rmcp tool surface on top.

Documentation

This file is the map. Each topic is one document, and each document is the whole of that topic.

Install and engine setup	Requirements, prebuilt binaries, Scoop, and the one-time WinDbg engine copy that TTD replay, !analyze, the driver tools and 32-bit .NET SOS need
Use with an MCP client	Client config, running the server on another machine (--listen), the Claude Code plugin, the MCP registry
Architecture	Why a supervisor process and one engine worker per session, what each source file owns, and which MCP revisions are served
The tool surface	Serving fewer tools with --tools, what a typed operand may contain, and how the control-flow and TTD tools behave
Sessions and session handles	session_id routing, the four-session cap, interrupt, progress notifications, and recovering a parked attach
Kernel connection profiles	Keeping a KDNET debug key out of tool arguments and out of the client's transcript
Hypervisor debugging	Attach to the Microsoft hypervisor through KDNET, with target identity, limitations, and a separate live test
Secure Kernel research	Capture inspection, live VTL1 reads, the initialized kernel stop/step result, and the operator-provider control contract
Structured results	Which tools answer with structuredContent, what each carries, and the error categories a caller can branch on
Transactional batches	debug_batch: a mutating sequence whose cleanup runs on every path it can be aimed at, including a timeout or a disconnect
Walking a structure	walk_memory: lists, arrays and chains where an unreadable node is a row rather than the end of the walk
Session transcripts	WINDBG_MCP_TRANSCRIPT: a JSONL record of every call, what is redacted, and rendering one as an asciicast
Limitations & notes	The honest edges — TTD is user-mode only, static reachability is best-effort, pool walks need a stopped x64 kernel and heap walks a stopped x64 or ARM64 process
Walkthroughs	Worked sessions end to end: crash-dump triage, TTD, a Flare-On solve, driver IOCTL surfaces
The local-model eval	A grid of model × tool surface × context window against a verified answer key: what a laptop-sized model can drive, and the two defects it found in this server

Operator and reference material: remote listener, driving it with ollama, driving it with Apple's on-device model, disassembler coordinates, smoke test, token budget, releasing.

Secure Kernel (VTL1) has three routes. The opt-in securekernel group contains four tools for a fixed capture and eight tools for selected-VP live control, including the managed KD facade; both session contracts are in docs/sessions.md. The separate --sk-live command-line role decodes a running guest without controlling it, and the --sk-kd-target role puts an installed WinDbg in front of the live-control session over a local named pipe, within the limits docs/secure-kernel/kd-facade.md records. Live decode, live control and the facade require operator-supplied transports this repository does not ship. The evidence, controls and dead ends are recorded gate by gate.

Quick start

Windows x64, with dbgeng.dll from System32 — enough for live user-mode, kernel and crash-dump work. TTD .run replay, !analyze and the driver tools each need files that engine does not ship; docs/install.md is the one-time copy.

Download a prebuilt windbg-mcp-vX.Y.Z-windows-x64.zip from a release, or build it:

cargo build --release

Then point a client at the binary:

// .mcp.json  (or claude_desktop_config.json under "mcpServers")
{
  "mcpServers": {
    "windbg": {
      "command": "C:\\workspace\\windbg-mcp\\target\\release\\windbg-mcp.exe"
    }
  }
}

The client and the model do not have to run where DbgEng does: --listen <addr> serves the same tools over HTTP, one bearer token per client, so a Mac can drive a Windows VM — and the model itself can be a local one. Driving it below has the configurations.

cargo test covers the unit tests plus an end-to-end smoke test that drives the built binary over stdio; run it after a dependency bump or an MCP spec revision — docs/smoke-test.md.

How it works

One debug session per process. dbgeng.dll holds a single debuggee session per process, so this server runs the MCP protocol in a supervisor and each open target in its own engine worker child process. Two things follow: a session that cannot be unwound — a live-kernel attach waiting on a guest that never dials in — costs a process rather than the server, and sessions are concurrent (triage a crash dump while a kernel attach is live, up to four at once).

Every tool that touches a target takes the session_id an opener returned, and that is what routes the call. Omit it and the call goes to the current session. docs/architecture.md has the process model and the file-by-file breakdown; docs/sessions.md has the handle rules, the cap, and what to do when a session is stuck.

A 32-bit target gets a 32-bit worker. An extension DLL is loaded into the debugger's own process, so .NET's SOS on a 32-bit target is reachable only from a 32-bit host — which a process cannot become after its image has loaded. So the release ships a second build of this same server at x86\windbg-mcp.exe, and a 32-bit dump or a WoW64 attach_process is opened by that worker instead of by a re-execution of the x64 one. A client cannot tell: one server, one handle, one tool surface. Where that worker or its 32-bit engine is absent the target still opens on the x64 build — native analysis of it works and always has — and says so in the opener's limitation.

Tools

Seventy-six tools in nine --tools groups; the rows below split some of those groups by theme. The --tools column is the name that selects one — see Serving fewer tools.

Group	--tools	Tools
Session	session	open_dump, open_trace, attach_kernel_local, attach_kernel, attach_process, launch, interrupt, end_session, session_status
Server	session	server_log — the server's own log: the supervisor's records, plus those of the sessions you opened, tagged with the session each belongs to
State	inspect	current_location (instruction pointer, execution context, and PE coordinate), registers, read_memory, backtrace (the stack as typed frames, each carrying module+RVA where the engine can place it, as well as its symbol), modules (refresh: true resynchronises the debugger's inventory with the target first — what a fresh kernel attach needs before "not loaded" means anything), threads, disassemble (instructions as records, each with its encoding and, where the engine can place it, its RVA), dx, set_symbol_path
Crash	crash	crash_triage — a bug check as fields: code and parameters, crashing process, the stack as module+RVA, and the faulting driver frame; exception_triage — the user-mode counterpart: the exception record decoded, what kind of fault it is, the thrown C++ object and the HRESULT it carries, and the stack walked from the crash context; decode_error_reporting — an HRESULT, NTSTATUS or Win32 error as fields, with the message the system's own tables give it
Control	exec	go, step_over, step_into, set_breakpoint, breakpoints (the session's whole inventory, as records — what to check before resuming or detaching a live target), clear_breakpoints (by ids, or all: true), run_to_address
Async control	exec	continue_async (resume and return a handle), wait_for_stop (collect the stop; running out of the wait is a poll, not a failure), break_in
Transaction	batch	debug_batch — an ordered sequence with assertions and a rollback the engine process runs on every path where it can still identify the target it would aim at
TTD nav	ttd	step_back (t-), step_over_back (p-), reverse_go (g-), goto_position (!tt)
TTD analysis	ttd	ttd_calls, ttd_memory, ttd_events, index_trace, record_trace
Driver IOCTL	ioctl	decode_ioctl, driver_object, device_object, irp_stack, ioctl_trace, reachable_from_dispatch, driver_hazards, ioctl_map — the control codes a dispatch routine accepts, recovered from its own code and decoded; xrefs_to — which sites in an image call or branch to one address, read off decoded control flow, with module+RVA and section on each; device_security — who may open a device: its descriptor as principals and access masks, FILE_DEVICE_SECURE_OPEN, and the symbolic links that reach it; driver_surface — one driver in one call: its dispatch table, its devices with the gate on each (no symbolic links), ioctl_map's answer and driver_hazards', each section reporting its own status
Kernel pool	allocator	pool_find_tag, pool_chunk, pool_census, pool_diagnostics; pool_trace — one driver's pool allocations recorded as a live kernel runs, from breakpoints on that driver's own call sites, so no other caller of the allocator stops the target; pool_trace_read — what it recorded: size, tag, flags or pool type, the address returned and the thread
User Segment Heap	allocator	heap_list, heap_allocations, heap_chunk, heap_census, heap_diagnostics
Structure walk	allocator	walk_memory
Raw	inspect	execute — run any debugger command, returns full text output
Secure Kernel (extra)	securekernel	Capture: open_sk_capture, sk_modules, sk_read_memory, sk_symbol. Live selected-VP control: open_sk_live_control, sk_live_arm, sk_live_wait, sk_live_registers, sk_live_read_memory, sk_live_step, sk_live_continue, plus the managed open_sk_kd facade. This extra group is omitted by default; name it or use --tools all. Capture needs an admitted Windows SDK saved-state provider root; live control needs startup policy, an operator-supplied privileged provider and an exact-build vmwp profile.

The ordinary eight groups are served by default; the securekernel extra is opt-in. Explicit --tools all serves all seventy-eight. --tools session,inspect,crash cuts the surface to twenty-three tools, and a --listen client can be given a different surface from the run's default. The exact byte figures are not restated here: they live in the docs/tool-surface.md tables, which every_documented_surface_figure_matches_the_served_surface checks against a running server, while the copy that used to sit in this sentence went stale on the first day the figure moved twice. That page also has the arithmetic, the rule that session is always included, and what a typed operand may not contain.

Most of the tools also answer with MCP structuredContent, so a program can read a field instead of parsing prose, and a failure carries a stable category (invalid_argument, debugger, timeout, stale_session, …) rather than wording — docs/structured-results.md.

Walkthroughs

Worked sessions with the real outputs and the gotchas — the long form is in docs/walkthroughs.md.

• Crash-dump triage — a 0x9F DRIVER_POWER_STATE_FAILURE traced to nvlddmkm.sys, and a 0x13A in a driver with no PDB.
• TTD tour — opening a .run, forward/reverse navigation, and counting printf calls with symbols.
• Flare-On 12 #8 — a full TTD → Z3 solve of an obfuscated Qt crackme.
• Driver IOCTL surface — recovering a dispatch switch on a live KDNET kernel and deciding user-mode reachability.
• Explorer won't start — the server debugging its own host: a dead Windows shell traced through three faults to a malformed State Repository.
• A crash in somebody else's component — a Windows SDK DLL killed by a GSL contract violation, worked up into a report: a twelve-line repro, a control matrix isolating the trigger, and what the report refuses to claim.
• Disassembler coordinates — joining a crash_triage frame to a function in an image fetched on another machine.

Driving it — hosted or local, here or on another machine

Anything that speaks MCP can hold this server, and DbgEng is the only part pinned to Windows. So the model may be a hosted one inside an editor, a local one in ollama, or an ollama cloud model, and it does not have to run on the machine being debugged.

What drives it	Where that runs	The server	Reached over
An MCP client — Claude Code, Cursor, Claude Desktop	the Windows machine	launched by the client	stdio
An MCP client	a Mac, or any other machine	a Windows host, --listen, usually as a service	HTTP through an ssh forward
A model in ollama	the Windows machine	the same machine, --listen on loopback	HTTP on loopback
A model in ollama	a Mac	a Windows host, --listen as a service	HTTP through an ssh forward
A model in ollama's cloud	wherever ollama runs	either of the above	unchanged — the tag is all that differs

One machine needs no configuration at all: the client launches the binary and talks to it over stdio, which is the Quick start above.

Two machines need a listener. For a session you are driving anyway, run it in the foreground on the Windows host — this works wherever the binary happens to live:

$env:WINDBG_MCP_LISTEN_TOKEN = "<a long random string>"   # this shell only
windbg-mcp.exe --listen 127.0.0.1:8765

For anything longer-lived, install it as a service — from a protected directory. The SCM stores that exact path for a LocalSystem auto-start service, so whoever can write the directory, or drop an engine DLL beside the exe, gets their code run as SYSTEM at the next start. --install-service therefore refuses an exe outside %ProgramFiles%, %ProgramFiles(x86)% or %SystemRoot% — which a downloaded zip, a Scoop shim or a target\release build all are — so move the whole deployment first: the exe, the engine DLLs beside it, and x86\. Then, elevated:

$env:WINDBG_MCP_LISTEN_TOKEN = "<a long random string>"   # this shell only
& "$env:ProgramFiles\windbg-mcp\windbg-mcp.exe" --install-service --listen 127.0.0.1:8765
Start-Service windbg-mcp          # --install-service only *registers* it

On a machine that is entirely yours, --allow-unprotected-path says so out loud and installs in place; that is a development install, not a deployment.

Either way, from the machine you are actually working on, for as long as you want the link:

ssh -N -L 8765:127.0.0.1:8765 <windows-host>

The listener refuses to start without a token, because it serves execute, launch and debug_batch — an open port here is arbitrary code on the host holding your kernel debugger. Bind loopback and forward over ssh rather than exposing it. Each client authenticates as itself, and can be served a narrower --tools surface than the run's default, which is how a local model and an editor share one listener without sharing sessions. docs/remote-listener.md is the operator's reference.

Pointing ollama at it is the client's job, not this server's. An MCP client that drives an ollama model holds the listener exactly as an editor does — nothing here has to be installed, and this server never learns which kind of model answered. ollama ships integrations for a number of those clients; ollama launch lists them, and ollama launch claude --model <tag> is one. A local tag and an ollama cloud tag are the same route, differing only in the model name.

docs/local-model.md is the runbook: the arrangements, choosing a model that can actually run, which of two clocks a quiet model loses its sessions to, and what a cloud tag can no longer tell you about its own run.

Whether a local model copes — the benchmark

The tool surface is paid on every turn, so "can a model that runs on a laptop actually drive this?" is a question about this server as much as about the model. The repo ships the benchmark rather than the assertion: tools/local_model_eval.py runs a grid of model × tool surface × context window, tools/bench_listener.ps1 serves all three surfaces from one listener as three separately-budgeted clients, and the answer key is read off the checked-in crash dumps with this server's own tools before any model sees them. Claude is in the grid as the control, not as a competitor. docs/local-model-eval.md is the write-up.

Running the grid yourself needs a development environment rather than a release: the release zip is windbg-mcp.exe, the x86\ worker and LICENSE, so tools/ comes from a checkout, and the driver and grader are Python 3. Nothing above this section needs either — driving the server with a local model is a client's job, and the driver here exists to measure that, one task list at a time, with no interactive mode. agent-sandbox-vm is the Hyper-V / Parallels VM setup this project is developed and benchmarked in.

• The context window was not the binding constraint — on that bench's runtime, which is the qualifier that matters. A 17,300-token surface answered all six tasks at a served 8,192-token window, multi-turn ones carrying 10,000 characters of tool output included. The arithmetic that predicted otherwise is in docs/local-model.md, and it was wrong; ask ollama ps what your own runtime serves rather than generalising either result.
• Cutting 51 tools to 11 costs two of six answers — the surface that grid measured, before the three asynchronous-execution tools. Most facts here are reachable by more than one route, so a narrow surface keeps the ones that matter.
• It measures this server before it measures the model. Every off-surface tool call the first grid recorded was a name this server had advertised and would then refuse — in the instructions sent at connect time, and in the descriptions of the tools it does serve. Both are narrowed per client now, and re-running the narrow cells took those calls from 17 to 6, with every server-taught name at zero.

The Tool Surface Grid is the visual write-up — 33 cells, five models, the three axes, and what the two fixes it produced did and did not buy.

Limitations

The full list, with what each one means for a workflow, is in docs/limitations.md. The four that catch people first:

• TTD is user-mode only — a Microsoft limitation, so a kernel target cannot be time-travelled.
• One command at a time per session. Sessions run concurrently, but each is one engine running operations serially: await each result before sending the next call against that session.
• Symbol names need setup on the debugger host — msdia140.dll beside the binary, a symbol path, and (for TTD) a reload at a stopped position. Without them, address-based queries still work.
• The pool walker needs a stopped x64 kernel, and the heap walker a stopped x64 or ARM64 process. A 32-bit or WoW64 process has no heap_* tools whichever worker holds it, because its heaps are 32-bit structures — SOS's own !dumpheap/!eeheap are the managed equivalent, and reaching those is what the 32-bit worker and its x86\ engine payload (docs/install.md) are for.